Lung infarction secondary to infected pulmonary arterial thrombosis in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome.

A case is presented where a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome is successfully treated for infection of chronic pulmonary arterial thrombosis with good effect. The evidence for antibiotic and anticoagulant therapy in this patient group is discussed.

A rare and challenging case of intrapericardial hydatidosis.

BACKGROUND: Hydatid cysts are most frequently located in the liver and lungs and very rarely can be found in the pericardium. Diagnosis and treatment are quite challenging, as the disease can present itself in many forms depending to the location and the complications that it might cause. CASE PRESENTATION: A 22-year-old man presented to our hospital with ongoing dry cough for more than 1 month prior to admission. Other symptoms included chest pain, fatigue, low grade fever, and night sweats, which have worsened in the past 2 weeks. Physical examination revealed normal respiratory and heart function. Chest X-ray demonstrated mediastinal enlargement and left pleural effusion. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography images showed a walled cystic mass lesion measuring up to 56 × 50 mm in close proximity to the upper left atrium, ascending aorta and pulmonary artery, potentially localized in the pericardium, with a 10 mm endoatrial filling defect, findings were compatible with hydatid cyst, left pleural effusion and peripheral pulmonary upper left lobe consolidation. Cardiac involvement was excluded on magnetic resonance imaging and trans-esophageal ultrasound. The patient underwent fine needle aspiration of the affected lung and thoracocentesis. No malignancy was found, meanwhile the biopsy confirmed the presence of pulmonary infarction. In view of the imaging findings were highly suspicious of a hydatid cyst, we performed a test of antibody titers that was negative. The patient underwent left anterolateral thoracotomy, and after the opening of the pericardium, a cystic mass of 5 cm in diameter was found next to the left atrium and in close proximity with the left pulmonary veins. The content of the cyst was completely removed after the surgical area was isolated with gauze impregnated with hypertonic solution (NaCl 10%). The mass resulted to be an echinococcal cyst with multiple daughter cysts within it that did not penetrate/involve (perforate) the cardiac wall. CONCLUSION: Pericardial echinococcosis is a very rare pathology in which a high expertise multidisciplinary approach is required. The compression mass effect caused by the cyst can lead to complications, such as in our case where the pulmonary vein was compressed, leading to pulmonary infarction. The value of radiology studies and transoesophageal ultrasound are very important in the diagnosis. Surgery in these cases is always recommended, but preferred surgical approach is questionable. In cases such as ours, we recommend anterolateral thoracotomy.

Clinical predictors and outcomes of pulmonary infarction in patients with central pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: Given the heterogeneity of predisposing factors associated with pulmonary infarction (PI) and the lack of clinically relevant outcomes among patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) complicated by PI, further investigation is required. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients with central PE in an 11-year period. Data were stratified according to the diagnosis of PI. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyze factors associated with PI development and determine if PI was associated with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation use. RESULTS: Of 645 patients with central PE, 24% (n = 156) had PI. After adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and clinical features on admission, only age (OR 0.98, CI 0.96-0.99; p = 0.008) was independently associated with PI. Regarding outcomes, 35% (n = 55) had severe hypoxemic respiratory failure, and 19% (n = 29) required mechanical ventilation. After adjusting for demographics, PE severity, and right ventricular dysfunction, PI was independently associated with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure (OR 1.78; CI 1.18-2.69, p = 0.005) and mechanical ventilation (OR 1.92; CI 1.14-3.22, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Aging is a protective factor against PI. In acute central PE, subjects with PI had higher odds of developing severe hypoxemic respiratory failure and requiring mechanical ventilation.

[Pulmonary vein stenosis with pulmonary infarction secondary to primary mediastinal seminoma: a case report].

Pulmonary vein stenosis is a rare condition that is often underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed. The clinical and radiologic manifestations are unspecific such as cough, hemoptysis and pulmonary lesions and are therefore difficult to distinguished with pneumonia and tuberculosis. The present study is a successful case report of pulmonary vein stenosis and pulmonary infraction secondary to mediastinal seminoma. This case suggested that pulmonary vein stenosis should be considered when a mediastinal mass is accompanied by pulmonary opacites that cannot be explained by common causes such as infection.

Impact of pulmonary infarction in pulmonary embolism on presentation and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary infarction (PI) is relatively common in pulmonary embolism (PE). The association between PI and persistent symptoms or adverse events is largely unknown. AIM: To evaluate the predictive value of radiological PI signs at acute PE diagnosis on 3-month outcomes. METHODS: We studied a convenience cohort with computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)-confirmed PE for whom extensive 3-month follow-up data were available. The CTPAs were re-evaluated for signs of suspected PI. Associations with presenting symptoms, adverse events (recurrent thrombosis, PE-related readmission and mortality) and self-reported persistent symptoms (dyspnea, pain and post-PE functional impairment) at 3-month follow-up were investigated using univariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: At re-evaluation of the CTPAs, 57 of 99 patients (58 %) had suspected PI, comprising a median of 1 % (IQR 1-3) of total lung parenchyma. Patients with suspected PI more often presented with hemoptysis (11 % vs. 0 %) and pleural pain (OR 2.7, 95%CI 1.2-6.2), and with more proximal PE on CTPA (OR 1.6, 95%CI 1.1-2.4) than patients without suspected PI. There was no association with adverse events, persistent dyspnea or pain at 3-month follow-up, but signs of PI predicted more functional impairment (OR 3.03, 95%CI 1.01-9.13). Sensitivity analysis with the largest infarctions (upper tertile of infarction volume) yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS: PE patients radiologically suspected of PI had a different clinical presentation than patients without those signs and reported more functional limitations after 3 months of follow-up, a finding that could guide patient counselling.

Clinical outcomes and factors associated with pulmonary infarction following acute pulmonary embolism: a retrospective observational study at a US academic centre.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary infarction is a common clinical and radiographic finding in acute pulmonary embolism (PE), yet the clinical relevance and prognostic significance of pulmonary infarction remain unclear. The study aims to investigate the clinical features, radiographic characteristics, impact of reperfusion therapy and outcomes of patients with pulmonary infarction. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort study of 496 adult patients (≥18 years of age) diagnosed with PE who were evaluated by the PE response team at a tertiary academic referral centre in the USA. We collected baseline characteristics, laboratory, radiographic and outcome data. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fischer's exact or χ2 test where appropriate. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate potential risk factors for pulmonary infarction. RESULTS: We identified 143 (29%) cases of pulmonary infarction in 496 patients with PE. Patients with infarction were significantly younger (52±15.9 vs 61±16.6 years, p<0.001) and with fewer comorbidities. Most infarctions occurred in the lower lobes (60%) and involved a single lobe (64%). The presence of right ventricular (RV) strain on CT imaging was significantly more common in patients with infarction (21% vs 14%, p=0.031). There was no significant difference in advanced reperfusion therapy, in-hospital mortality, length of stay and readmissions between groups. In multivariate analysis, age and evidence of RV strain on CT and haemoptysis increased the risk of infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Radiographic evidence of pulmonary infarction was demonstrated in nearly one-third of patients with acute PE. There was no difference in the rate of reperfusion therapies and the presence of infarction did not correlate with poorer outcomes.

Pulmonary embolism with bilateral pulmonary infarction after surgical correction of Achilles tendon - a rare complication.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially fatal disorder that occurs as a result of a thrombus formed in the deep venous system that detaches and obstructs the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. Herein we report a rare, bilateral PE after surgical correction of the Achilles tendon. OBJECTIVES: To report a bilateral PE after calcaneus tendon repair, and to review the literature on this rare condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search of the literature was carried out in electronic databases and a review of medical records. CONCLUSION: PTE, although rare, is a serious and potentially fatal complication, requiring adequate and early treatment. Pharmacological prophylaxis in these situations is still controversial in the medical literature; however, there is consensus for the use of intermittent pneumatic compression in the postoperative period.

A Frequently Missed Pulmonary Infarction: Clinical and 18F-FDG PET/CT Manifestation of Hilar Tumor-Induced Pulmonary Infarction.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to summarize the clinical and 18F-FDG PET/CT manifestations of hilar tumor-induced pulmonary infarction. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with hilar masses who underwent FDG PET/CT scans between July 2015 and January 2021 and had complete clinical data. Pulmonary infarction was confirmed by concurrent chest CT and imaging follow-up or pathology. RESULTS: A total of 58 patients (mean age, 56 [SD, 13] years; 44 males) with 122 infarcts were included in the study. Hilar masses were mostly associated with small cell lung cancer (64%). The most common clinical manifestations were cough (64%) and hemoptysis (36%). Most patients (62%) had multiple pulmonary infarcts. The CT findings of pulmonary infarcts included the "Hampton hump" (48%) and patchy consolidation (52%). The density of infarcts included "bubbly consolidation" (61%) and "homogenous consolidation" (39%). The metabolic activity of 95 infarcts (78%) was higher than lung parenchyma, with the SUVmax of 3.3 (SD, 1.1). The metabolic patterns on PET/CT were "rim sign," "mismatch between PET and CT," and "no metabolism." Pulmonary vein involvement was found in 25 patients (43%), pleural effusion in 22 patients (38%), and the pleural curvilinear sign in 8 patients (14%). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical manifestations of hilar tumor-induced pulmonary infarction are not specific, and 18F-FDG PET/CT could be an effective diagnostic tool.

Bilateral pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarctions in active ulcerative colitis.

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and they primarily involve the intestines and confer an increased risk of thromboembolism (TE). Here we report a case of a young man with active ulcerative colitis (UC) who presented with shortness of breath and syncope. He was found on imaging to have an extensive bilateral pulmonary embolism (PE) and right heart strain with associated pulmonary infarctions. The patient was initially managed with a heparin infusion and subsequently transitioned to a direct acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC) with clinical improvement in his symptoms.

Peripheral Pulmonary Lesions in Confirmed Pulmonary Arterial Embolism: Follow-up Study of B-Mode Ultrasound and of Perfusion Patterns Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS).

PURPOSE: This retrospective study aimed to describe the B-mode lung ultrasound (B-LUS) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) follow-up patterns of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) in patients with confirmed pulmonary embolism (PE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 27 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PE and PPLs over 5 mm from October 2009 to November 2018 were included retrospectively in the study. The inclusion criteria were performance of a baseline CEUS examination, a short-term B-LUS and CEUS follow-up, and a long-term B-LUS follow-up of PPLs. The homogeneity of enhancement of PPLs (homogeneous/inhomogeneous/absent) on CEUS and the presence and size of PPLs on B-LUS were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of n = 25/27 (92.6%) lesions showed absent or inhomogeneous enhancement during baseline examination or short-term follow-up, indicating impaired perfusion. On short-term CEUS follow-up, 9/27 cases (33.3%) showed a pattern shift. On B-LUS long-term follow-up, 26/27 lesions (96.3%) were detectable for an average of 10 weeks (range 3-32 weeks). The size of reference lesions was significantly reduced at the time of the final follow-up examination (P < .05). CONCLUSION: B-LUS follow-up showed that, in patients with confirmed PE, PPLs had a delayed regression. On CEUS follow-up examination, various perfusion patterns of PPLs were observed, indicating the different ages and the variable reparative processes of pulmonary infarction. In PPLs independent of the underlying signs and symptoms, follow-up B-LUS and CEUS examinations may be helpful for a possible retrospective diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary infarction suggestive of PE.

Pneumonia, Multiple Pulmonary Infarction and Abscess Caused by a Bamboo Stick Accidentally Piercing into Chest: a Case Misdiagnosed as Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Computed tomography (CT) examination is the major measure for detecting and diagnosis of foreign bodies in human body. Although CT has high sensitivity in diagnosis of foreign body, some interference factors may still lead to missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Here we report a rare case that a bamboo stick accidentally pierced into the left chest of a young man who was drunk and unware of this hurt. The patient experienced cough, chest pain, fever, hemoptysis, and was misdiagnosed as primary and secondary tuberculosis based on chest CT examinations at a local hospital, although no tubercular bacillus detected by sputum smear. He subsequently received anti-tuberculous treatments in the following three years, but no improvement of his symptoms was observed. Until one month before his death, the bamboo stick was detected by spiral CT examination as well as three-dimensional image reconstruction at another hospital. Postmortem examination revealed pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, and abscess as the causes of his death. We analyze the potential reasons of misdiagnosis in this case, aiming to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary inflammation associated with foreign body in the future.